自然语言处理:标注
Natural Language Processing: Tagging
作者:Regina Barzilay(MIT,EECS Department, November 15, 2004)
译者:我爱自然语言处理www.52nlp.cn ,2009年2月24日)

上一讲主要内容回顾(Last time)
 语言模型(Language modeling):
  n-gram模型(n-gram models)
  语言模型评测(LM evaluation)
 平滑(Smoothing):
  打折(Discounting)
  回退(Backoff)
  插值(Interpolation)
本讲主要内容(Today):
 标注(Tagging)

一、 基本介绍
a) 标注问题(Tagging)
 i. 任务(Task): 在句子中为每个词标上合适的词性(Label each word in a sentence with its appropriate part of speech)
 ii. 输入(Input): Our enemies are innovative and resourceful , and so are we. They never stop thinking about new ways to harm our country and our people, and neither do we.
 iii. 输出(Output): Our/PRP$ enemies/NNS are/VBP innovative/JJ and/CC resourceful/JJ ,/, and/CC so/RB are/VB we/PRP ?/?. They/PRP never/RB stop/VB thinking/VBG about/IN new/JJ ways/NNS to/TO harm/VB our/PROP$ country/NN and/CC our/PRP$ people/NN, and/CC neither/DT do/VB we/PRP.
b) Motivation
 i. 词性标注对于许多应用领域是非常重要的(Part-of-speech(POS) tagging is important for many applications)
  1. 语法分析(Parsing)
  2. 语言模型(Language modeling)
  3. 问答系统和信息抽取(Q&A and Information extraction)
  4. 文本语音转换(Text-to-speech)
 ii. 标注技术可用于各种任务(Tagging techniques can be used for a variety of tasks)
  1. 语义标注(Semantic tagging)
  2. 对话标注(Dialogue tagging)
c) 如何确定标记集(How to determine the tag set)?
 i. “The definition [of the parts of speech] are very far from having attained the degree of exactitude found in Euclidean geometry” Jespersen, The Philosophy of Grammar
 ii. 粗糙的词典类别划分基本达成一致至少对某些语言来说(Agreement on coarse lexical categories (at least, for some languages))
  1. 封闭类(Closed class): 介词,限定词,代词,小品词,助动词(prepositions, determiners, pronouns, particles, auxiliary verbs)
  2. 开放类(Open class): 名词,动词,形容词和副词(nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs)
 iii. 各种粒度的多种标记集(Multiple tag sets of various granularity)
  1. Penn tag set (45 tags), Brown tag set (87 tags), CLAWS2 tag set (132 tags)
  2. 示例:Penn Tree Tags
  标记(Tag) 说明(Description) 举例(Example)
  CC      conjunction     and, but
  DT      determiner      a, the
  JJ       adjective      red
  NN      noun, sing.      rose
  RB       adverb       quickly
  VBD     verb, past tense    grew
d) 标注难吗(Is Tagging Hard)?
 i. 举例:“Time flies like an arrow”
 ii. 许多单词可能会出现在几种不同的类别中(Many words may appear in several categories)
 iii. 然而,大多数单词似乎主要在一个类别中出现(However, most words appear predominantly in one category)
  1. “Dumb”标注器在给单词标注最常用的标记时获得了90%的准确率(“Dumb” tagger which assigns the most common tag to each word achieves 90% accuracy (Charniak et al., 1993))
  2. 对于90%的准确率我们满足吗(Are we happy with 90%)?
 iv. 标注的信息资源(Information Sources in Tagging):
  1. 词汇(Lexical): 观察单词本身(look at word itself)
  单词(Word) 名词(Noun) 动词(Verb) 介词(Preposition)
  flies      21      23      0
  like      10      30      21
  2. 组合(Syntagmatic): 观察邻近单词(look at nearby words)
  ——哪个组合更像(What is more likely): “DT JJ NN” or “DT JJ VBP“?

未完待续:第二部分

附:课程及课件pdf下载MIT英文网页地址:
   http://people.csail.mit.edu/regina/6881/

注:本文遵照麻省理工学院开放式课程创作共享规范翻译发布,转载请注明出处“我爱自然语言处理”:www.52nlp.cn

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